[Draft] Annotated Bibliography || Medical Approach to the Black Death

Damen. "Man and Disease: The Black Death." . N.p., 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 30 June 2014. <http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320hist&Civ/chapters/06PLAGUE.htm>.

-Black Death overtook it's victims with severe symptoms and an extremely high mortality rate
-Not the first time the plague hit, but in previous years there was little movement or trade so the disease had no way to spread

-Plague was an endemic among rodents, became an epidemic against other biological groups
-Black Death's pathogen is bacillus called Yersina pestis.
-Identified in 1894 by a French bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin
-It wasn't until later years that the Black Death could be blamed upon Yersina pestis
-Pathogen lived as an infection in a rat's blood stream, traveling rat to rat through fleas. The rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) was the primary vector.
-The flea drinks Yersina pestis and it becomes a small bowel obstruction causing it to starve. Flea then bites a plethora of other rats in a hunger panic transmitting the diease. It's a non-lethal cycle between the flea and rodent.
- Fleas will bite almost any mammal, humans included, hence transmitting the disease to non-resistent homeosapians.
- Humans die within 5 days from Yersina pestis, sometimes even overnight. Though if you survive the plague, you will have a resistance and will not catch it twice.
- Starting with a fever, lymph nodes being to swell to flush out cotagion. Nodes become enlarged called buboes, given the name 'Bubonic' plague.
- Third day: high fever, diarrhea, delirium, black splotches appear on skin by contracted capillaries. Capillaries are small & block easily, then rupture causing the blackness of the epidermis.
- Death follows soon after due to internal hemorrhaging, bloodstream congested with bacteria.
-Buboes could swell so much as to rupture pus & bacteria, extremely painful but a flush of the system
-Pneumonic plague, airbourne bacilli attack victims quickly and fatally (collapse, cough blood, & die within hours)
-After 5 years, killed 1/4th-1/3rd of Europe's population



"Black Death." . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 July 2014. <http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Black-Death.pdf>.

-Peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350 caused by the bacteria Yerssina pestis
-Rat fleas and black rats traveled on merchant ships securing the spread of the plague throughout the Mediterranean and Europe
-Killed 30%-60% of Europe's population, approx 450million people killed
[Symptoms] -Ziegler says [it is questionable] if the bubo ruptures & discharges, you have a greater chance of living
- Acute fever & vomiting blood; most victims died 2-7 days after being infected.
-David Herlihy identifies freckle spots and rashes, potential flea bite sites
[has nice quotes I can take]



Matza, Louis. "The Sacred Nature of Secular Medicine in the Time of the Black Death." . N.p., 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 June 2014. <http://history.rutgers.edu/honors-papers-2011/doc_download/404-the-sacred-nature-of-secular-medicine-in-the-time-of-the-black-death>.

-Human roles and divine interventions were reconized and stressed in late medieval medicine. [pg3]
-Aristotle's natural philosophy became the base for describing natural phenomenons, according to scholasticism. [pg25]
-Galen & Hippocrates identified the buboes as external disfigurments caused by something internal. [pg31]
-Priests performed spiritual aid because the soul was more important than the body. [pg32]
-Doctors believe that it was by God's mercy that a person would heal and continue to live virtuously & his punishment if you were taken by the Black Death. [pg57]
-Resorting to medicine was thought to be an athiest action
-"In the introduction to The Decameron, Giovanni Boccaccio described inadequacies of medicine against the epidemic and the mass of unqualified healers crowding the market, but also criticized the recommendations of qualified doctors." [pg57]
-Doctors were obligated to use medicine according to God's expectations [pg58]
-God and god alone heals people, though with the aid of earthly medicines that he has sent us to use[pg 59]
-"the grace of God compelled those who knew the cause of the epidemic to use that knowledge to cure the faithful." [pg60]



"Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine.." The Black Death and early public health measures. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 July 2014. <http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/blackdeath.aspx>.

-Hippocrates & Galen are given basicly given all the credit when it comes to medicine during the Black Death.
-'Cito, Longe, Tarde' traslates to 'Leave quickly, go far away, and come back slowly.'
-"under Islamic doctrine, plague - being the will of God - was to be endured and fleeing was forbidden"
-"Strapping live chickens around plague buboes or drinking potions laced with mercury, arsenic or ground horn from the mythical unicorn did not help. Nor did carrying sweet-smelling flowers and herbs or ornate pomanders to purify the air. "
-Italy was the first country to ban travel and start quarentineing [40 days] ships/ people.
-Italian cities quarentined whole towns, saving some minor ones.



Knox, Ellis. "The Black Death." ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies. ORB, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 1 July 2014. <http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/blackdeath.html>.

-Orgin of the plague came from the Gobi Desert in the late 1320s.
-Major outbreak in Asia, China lost 35 million people
-Septicaemic attacked the blood, pneumonic attacked the lungs. Both 99% fatal
-People believed the disease was an airborne transmission due to the scent of decaying and rotting corpses; turned to scents to 'ward off deadly vapors'
-Cure of sound, church bells, cannons, to blast the plague away
-Talismans, charms, spells, that could be purchased at the apothocary to ward off disease
-Most realistic 'medical intervention' was to simply avoid the disease all together

[Scrap] Annotated Bibliography || Equine Hoof Anatomy

Hannah Foraker
Professor
College Composition 1020
24 June 2014

Nourishing the Hoof Wall

Anatomy and Physiology of the Horn

An Annotated Bibliography

"Biotin Basics." : News: Kentucky Equine Research. Kentucky Equine Research, n.d. Web. 24

June 2014.   <http://www.ker.com/library/health/2010/08/biotin-basics.html>.

Biotin is a b-vitamin that is found in a majority of the cells in the body. Biotin assists in the growth and repair of skin, hair, and hooves. Biotin isn’t easily digested, but 15-25mg daily has shown significant improvement in hoof health. It takes a whole year for the hoof wall to grow, so consistent supplementation for 8-15 months is necessary. Hoof growth slows in cold weather, and speeds up in hot weather.

Kentucky Equine Research is one of few to put supplements to the test. It is relatively easy to test hoof supplements versus more internal supplements. The hoof visually shows how effective the oral aids are or are not. Biotin is one of the few minerals where more is actually better.

Briggs, Karen. "Hoof Supplements: Feeding The Feet." TheHorse.com. The Horse, 1 Sept. 2000.

Web. 20 June 2014. <http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10120/hoof-supplements-feeding-the-feet>.
            In order to achieve a healthy hoof, genetics and nutrition both play a role. A horse with perfect nutrition still may have brittle and dry hooves due to the fact it is predisposed due to its parents. In these cases, Biotin is the most successful hoof supplement. Biotin is involved in glucose metabolism, the process of cell growth and division. The B-vitamin plays a role in nearly all connective tissues in the body. In 1991 a double blind study was done with the vitamin. Over the course of 2 years, horses were supplemented with biotin. After only nine months, there was significant improvement in the previously cracked hooves; the placebo group remained unchanged.
            Though with minimal research, the effects of biotin seem apparent. Biotin improved the quality and appearance of hooves, from the inside out. Though it takes around a year for there to be any significant improvement, the improvement is evident. There are side effects of improved coat too!

Frackowiak, Hieronim, and Marcin Komosa. "The Dynamics Of Hoof Growth Of The Primitive

Konik Horses ( Equus Caballus Gmelini Ant.) In An Annual Cycle." Biological Rhythm Research 37.3 (2006): 223-232. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 June 2014. <http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libauth.tri-c.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a3244e48-b5c3-4db0-b7b5-b492d406b442%40sessionmgr4002&vid=2&hid=4114>

A study of the annual cycle of hoof growth of a herd of Konik horses was recently conducted by Biological Rhythm Research. Researchers studied 38 horses, 31 mares and 7 stallions; major factors that affected the data were age and gender. Due to this, the herd was studied as young mares, older mares, and stallions. Results showed that the hoof wall grew fastest during the solar days May-July, and growth immediately slowed in August until the following May.

The young mares had the fastest growing hooves, followed by the stallions, and then older mares. These horses are as close as researchers can get to analyzing the hoof growth of wild horses. This herd had vast acres of terrain to move and graze on, exposing the hoof horn to the natural elements. Adapting to the climate changes, the Konik have maintained a strong hoof wall.

Komosa, M., H. Frąckowiak, and H. Purzyc. "Influence Of Lactation On Hoof Horn Growth In

Thoroughbred Horses During The Annual Cycle." Biological Rhythm Research 43.5 (2012): 577-583. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 June 2014. <http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libauth.tri-c.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7fdd1faf-905b-472e-b594-db0af6c43a06%40sessionmgr4003&vid=2&hid=4114>.

A study of how lactating affects a mare’s hoof wall growth was recently conducted by Biological Rhythm Research. Researchers studied the hoof horn growth in twenty three thoroughbred mares, sixteen which were lactating and seven of which were the control group. Hoof wall growth is related both to genetics and nutrition, all the horses were fed equally. Researchers marked each of the mare’s hooves and measured them every 45 days. At the end of the year, results showed that lactation decreases the hoof horn growth.

Upon further evaluation, researchers go on to describe “Basal cells of the epidermis make the continuous regeneration of the hoof horn possible. The cells transform into keratinocytes – cells producing keratin. They undergo cornification causing the growth of the horn capsule (Leach and Oliphant 1983).” The hoof has a lifelong continuous regeneration. When a mare is lactating, energy and nutrients are redirected from the hoof towards lactation. Logical sense has been made of the research.

Pollitt, Christopher. "Anatomy and physiology of the inner hoof wall." Clinical Techniques in

Equine Practice 3: 3-21. Web. 24 June 2014. <http://journals.ohiolink.edu/ejc/article.cgi?issn=15347516&issue=v03i0001&article=3_aapotihw>

Pollitt writes about the anatomy and physiology of the horse’s hoof wall, starting all with keratin cells. The stratum medium is the thickest of three layers of the hoof wall, supporting the bulk of the horse’s weight. Constant regeneration of the wall occurs at the coronet, producing more keratinocytes. Fully keratinized cells cement the hoof wall firmly together, also forming a protective barrier against the element.

Such a science filled journal where there is no room for opinion, only fact and theory. The journal continues on to explain the inner workings of the hoof, though the hoof wall details is all that was needed. Pollitt references other researchers to support his work.